Protein Synthesis and Transcription - 657 Words

Beadle and Tatum’s experiment and their â€Å"one gene one enzyme† hypothesis showed that the production of one protein is dependent on one gene. Francis Crick originated the idea of the central dogma. It states that biological information can only flow in one direction: from DNA to RNA to a protein. The three key types of RNA that are involved in protein synthesis are mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA). The way I learned to remember the functions of these three is the same way it’s shown on the estrellamountain website. mRNA is like the blueprint of a construction site with its copy of the genetic information of DNA, rRNA is like the construction site where the protein is made, and tRNA is like the delivery truck that brings amino acids to where they need to be at the right time. Transcription is when RNA is formed by using an enzyme called RNA polymerase to copy a strand of DNA. Before it can begin, a protein called a transcription factor has to bind to the promoter (a region in the DNA that identifies where a gene starts, where it’s supposed to be copied, and in what direction). Then, the polymerase binds to these two things (promoter transcription factor) before it unwinds the template strand of DNA between the promoter and the t erminator. The RNA polymerase copies the template strand of DNA by matching the original nucleotides with their complementary base pairs - the only difference is that instead of adenine being matched with thymine,Show MoreRelatedProtein Synthesis : Transcription And Translation1773 Words   |  8 PagesProtein synthesis is defined as â€Å"The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes.† The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation. Transcription takes the information that is coded in DNA and codes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell’s nucleus and into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins. When trying to understand the process of protein synthesis, basic terms are necessary. DNARead More Protein Synthesis Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesProtein Synthesis Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structureRead MoreEssay about protien synthesis1605 Words   |  7 Pages Protein Synthesis The Expression of a Gene nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The process of Protein Synthesis involves many parts of the cell. Unlike other similar productions, this process is very complex and precise and therefore must be done in proper sequence to work effectively. The slightest error during this process could cause the action to experience difficulty or even fail. For example, in the production of starch, glucose molecules are combined to be stored and eventually utilized as usableRead MoreDna Is The Amazing Structure Known As A Double Helix910 Words   |  4 Pagesbut also protein synthesis. Protein synthesis happens in the cytoplasm on the ribosomes. Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA, also the process of transcription), molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesisRead MoreThe Role Of Proteins Of A Cell Range From Structural, Enzymatic And Hormonal Functions1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe genes goes through a transcription process. Transcription is where the language of the body s building blocks is transcribed from DNA to RNA and the body will recognize it so it can carry out the next process. Translation of the information collected from RNA is the next step. The information collected is transported to the protein. Certain proteins play specific roles so the body synthesizes the right protein for the specific job at certain time. Production of proteins is one of the most significantRead MoreGene expression is the process of protein formation. Proteins are the molecules that are900 Words   |  4 PagesGene expression is the process of protein formation. Proteins are the molecules that are responsible for enabling us to live. They carry out majority of the processes that are important for life, as they include enzymes, transcription factors and the various cell machinery. Indeed, without proteins, life may not be a possibility. Gene expression cannot be carried out without a nucleic acid sequence, also known as DNA in humans. DNA is a double stranded molecule comprising of a sugar-phosphate backboneRead More Protein Synthesis Essay679 Words   |  3 Pages Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three thousand amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in theRead MoreDNA Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagescentury that chromosomes, the genetic material of cells, contained DNA. In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty concluded that DNA was the basic genetic component of chromosomes. Later, RNA would be proven to regulate protein synthesis. (Miller, 139) DNA is the genetic material found in most viruses and in all cellular organisms. Some viruses do not have DNA, but contain RNA instead. Depending on the organism, most DNA is found within a single chromosome like bacteria, orRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Of Dna And Rna1157 Words   |  5 Pagesnucleus towards to the cytoplasm Like tRNA, rRNA is located in the cytoplasm of a cell. Involved in protein synthesis – by making polypeptides Transports genetic info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Translation of mRNA is turned into proteins by the rRNA One part has a sequence of 3 bases which make up anti-codon. Formed in the nucleus by copying the gene from DNA in the process of transcription Part of the ribosome’s structure Properties of the Genetic Code of DNA (M1) In whole, DNA is made up

Case Study - Ecologic - 1537 Words

Case Study: ECOLOGIC EMBA Program – Organizational Behavior Version 4.1 1st Version: 15 April 2013 This Version: 20 April 2013 Prepared by : S Satiavani R Reka Luxshmi Overview – Quarter 1 1 2 February Ecologic Setup †¢ Non-profit organization – but need to be selfsustainable †¢ 4 divisions (teams): †¢ Cleanliness of beaches, rivers and lakes †¢ Fund raising †¢ Environmental Audit †¢ Project team (lobbying, materials, etc.) January Capital †¢ Sally inherit $500k †¢ Use $200k to setup Ecologic 3 March Recruitment †¢ 3 members join: †¢ Dane – Environmental Engineer †¢ Rudra – Accountant †¢ Ella – Administration Asst. †¢ Company Philosophy laid out: †¢ Highest standard of Environmental Management Setting †¢ Teamwork up†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Volunteers complained due to poor communication, leadership and organization from other volunteer †¢ Sally realized organizing projects and volunteers are a challenge But what is she doing about it? Nothing. 10 October Global Financial crisis †¢ Global financial crisis – clients cannot pursue †¢ Projects cancelled No risk analysis? No backup or mitigation plan? 8 August Funds getting tight 11 †¢ Rudra informed that there’s only $40k left in the bank, hence ‘URGENT’†¦ tight on funds †¢ Ann made some mistakes and will cost $15k in unforeseen expenses – yet, no income for project †¢ However, Ann did secure a new project †¢ Ella said her friend finished the website but due to long time taken, it costs $5k (and not free)! †¢ Website was nice but has errors. †¢ Sally did barbecue for all staff November And keep on falling†¦ †¢ Sally heard Ann say to Ella she is inexperience and had little idea what to do! No mentoring? †¢ Sally also heard Ella said to Ann that she is confused whose instruction she should take? Again†¦ no structure†¦ Sally or Rudra? †¢ Rudra gave red alert on finances. And company may not be ale to sustain. Suggested earlier idea to raise funds. But rejected harshly by Dane, and not supported by Sally. †¢ Sally wonders root-cause of problem †¢ Should she invest her savings of $100kShow MoreRelatedCase Study - Ecologic1550 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study: ECOLOGIC EMBA Program – Organizational Behavior Version 4.1 1st Version: 15 April 2013 This Version: 20 April 2013 Prepared by : S Satiavani R Reka Luxshmi Overview – Quarter 1 1 2 February Ecologic Setup †¢ Non-profit organization – but need to be selfsustainable †¢ 4 divisions (teams): †¢ Cleanliness of beaches, rivers and lakes †¢ Fund raising †¢ Environmental Audit †¢ Project team (lobbying, materials, etc.) January Capital †¢ Sally inherit $500k †¢ Use $200k to setup Ecologic 3Read MoreNegotiation Skills787 Words   |  4 Pagescruise’s trips, seems very interest to disembark in the â€Å"Tropical Island† at any price. In the other side, the island’s Major Gil Egan wants to preserve the cultural and ecologic equilibrium of the island and its population. This report is going to be explained the main negotiation’s issues, the kind of negotiation in this case, characters’ strategies, and possible tactics the main players may apply to success in the negotiation. Three Main Negotiation’s Issues. First, large cruise ships impactRead MoreRisk Management Course of International Business838 Words   |  3 Pagesand society compared to my purchasing behaviors before. But then another question came to my mind. What should the companies do to prevent the risk from social forces with no harm for the profits? I reflected to this question based on the Nestlà © case study last week as well as my currently learning in another area (i.e. Ethical International Business Decisions). Initially, it is obvious that Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s reactions derived from public pressures which they would not have reacted the same without pressuresRead MoreLocal Climatic Regimes Of West Bengal1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe study was conducted in Kolkata, ZSI, Latitude :22 ° 30 51.6888 and Longitude: 88 ° 19 30.5256 were recorded by GPS meter.A dead Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) was a bought from a market near Zoological Survey (ZSI) of India (n=3) for three seasons, Kolkata premises, and was kept in ambient outdoor conditions, inside the ZSI premises. The data for the abiotic factors was gathered from the meteorological data was collected from the Meterological Depar tment, Alipore, Kolkata. The local climaticRead MorePractice Questions 2 [Chapter 9-18] Book: Epidemiology [Leon Gordis]2157 Words   |  9 Pages 1. In cohort studies of the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease, it is essential that: a. There be equal numbers of persons in both study groups b. At the beginning of the study, those with the disease those without the disease have equal risks of having the factor c. The study group with the factor and the study group without the factor be representative of the general population d. The exposed nonexposed groups under study be as similar asRead MoreWater Dams Essay examples750 Words   |  3 Pagesthe World Bank, an organization that has support the building of dams, and the World Union of Conservation gave an important study of two years of the economic, ecologic, and social impacts of 45,000 big dams around the world. Although they recognized that the dams had done an important contribution to the development of these countries, the report also stated that in many cases an unacceptable and unnecessary price has been paid by displaced communities and by the natural environment. The experts estimateRead MoreMale Circumcision should be Promoted in Developing Countries as a Means of HIV Prevention873 Words   |  4 Pagespeople decide to develop some new ideas which are more realistic. One of them is promotion of male circumcision as a major mean of HIV prevention. Figure 1 show the global adult prevalence rate of HIV in 2007 and it is clearly stated that most HIV cases are in developing countries especially from Africa. Therefore, a cost effective intervention like male circumcision that can suit for African developing countries is needed. Male circumcision (MC) is the complete or partial surgical removal of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Being Vegetarian On Our Brain Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pagesnutrients are low in the vegetarian diet, which means deficiencies are very common among them. This also means vegetarians are at a higher risk for brain disorders or impairment. Our nutrient intake also directly correlates with our offspring. In a study it states that â€Å"the offspring from the vitamin B12 deficient group showed impaired cognition as they took a longer time to reach the platform (escape latency) in the Morris water maze test suggesting that these offspring may have deficits in spatialRead MoreA Research On Environmental Management And Conservation1637 Words   |  7 Pagesstarting point for building my knowledge of GIS tools used in environmental management and conservation for my concept map. The authors present an exploratory study using purposive testing among four different groups (scientist, non-scientist, agency manager and social scientist) included in the Coastal Landscape Analysis Modelling Study (CLAMS) in Western Oregon. CLAMS combines remote sensing with web base surveys. It was found that each participant had differing perspectives of the use of GISRead MoreThe Decline Of Fertility Rates1364 Words   |  6 Pagesfertility decline in that country through shifting cultural ideals. Acknowledging that demographic changes occur due to a great variety of economic, social, cultural, ecologic and other causes, I will focus on the role that health policies can play in demographic trends both pre- and post- the demographic transition by examining the cases of Bangladesh and Germany. I will also examine how demographic trends may influence economic growth. During the period of population growth in the demographic transition

Corporate Governance Exam Paper Free Essays

string(74) " formulation comes under the performance part with focus on future value\." Games Directors play While analysing the Reality of Boardroom we say many games and tactics often employed by directors so that they don’t lose power. Some such games were alliance, coalition, lobbying, scaremongering, log rolling etc. Here also majority of BOD were near and dear ones of Bright so everybody chose to stay quiet about what is going on. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Governance Exam Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under-reserving Like we say in the HLL case under-reserving is a tactic used by firms but in the long run it cant stop companies from collapsing. Role of independent directors The question Are independent directors really independent has been topic of debate for ages. In the case the role played by independent directors is insignificant. Also it is questionable whether independent directors were present and in the number advised by law or not. Audit Committee The case talks about KPMG and the arguable role it played but what about the audit committee, was it existent, if so how was it functioning. Its composition and leadership needs attention. Manipulation Most of the cases of accounting frauds, falsifying records, deceiving shareholders and bankruptcy rest upon the manipulation of the balance sheet and the tactics used to fudge the data. Ex: Enron The company needs to take inspiration from firms like GSK, Infy, and tata which serve as examples of good CG. GSK * Chairman of board is independent director along with 5 others in in board. Transparency is valued Infosys * Creating wealth legally and ethically Tata * One of the giants and still fascinating governance * In sync with the values * Very elaborate code of conduct Board composition and structure One of the major flaw ways in the board structure is everyone was quiet about the rising storm dominated by power and status of Bright. There should be some independent directors with ability to question the acts and deeds and the following structures are recommended. European Two Tier model Shareholders Supervisory board Executive board Management Employees and staff The supervisory board overlooks functions of executive board and can question and alter the function This model is preferred over unitary board. Chinese model Here we see the presence of the state as a whole also takes society into account along with shareholders Board Leadership One of the major causes of the downfall was the role played by Bright. He was forceful and rigid and thus not a true leader. The features desired for a leader are: Integrity The ability to differentiate between right and wrong and govern in a manner that it is morally correct and sustainable Independence The board was like a dummy/puppet with no or very less degree of independence Intellect The creativity must not come out in form of manipulation and fraud but the betterment of the firm Character He must be ethical and strong character Personality A leader must be flexible and open to new ideas and suggestions. The personality is the holistic perspective. Communication skills, good listener, motivator etc. Board level information Desired CG was not in place and there was no clear information pathway. The board did not check or authenticate the actions. Control systems The case clearly shows violation of many acts and laws. The board was not conforming to the supervisory work. The control system was not in place. Auditors at fault: In cases like Enron and worldcom it has been seen that the external auditors are able to flee away leaving the company in distress. Usually there are tie ups between management and auditors, some internal settlement that leads to uch actions. Role of internal audit committee is arguable. The company should have gone to auditors like Delloitte who are reliable and tested. Risks that should be considered – Financial risk. Operational, compliance, Business Four aspects of CG Internal control, risk management, behavioural governance, independence Sarbax – oxley act This is one of the landmark acts that came in 2002 after Enron and Worldcomm It says criminal and civil penalties for compliances and accounting frauds, certificate for internal audits and annual report is to submitted by all public and private listed companies. Also introduce PCAOBA (Public company accounting oversight board of America) Was criticized for high cost of compliance CG is a process by which companies are directed and controlled Many attempts have been made to define CG and this one by Cadbury is one of the most comprehensive . Cadbury’s definition – â€Å"Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. The boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies. The shareholder’s role in governance is to appoint the directors and the auditors to satisfy themselves that an appropriate governance structure is in place. The responsibilities of the board include setting the company’s strategic aims, providing the leadership to put them into effect, supervising the management of the business and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship. The board’s actions are subject to laws, regulations and the shareholders in general meeting. † Mike and Minnow: Corporate Governance is a process of governing and directing the performance of any company and the major actors involved are directors, management, society and shareholders CG is basically to overlook, monitor, control and direct the functioning of the management. For this we have BOD and the code of conduct. Some acts, laws and norms facilitate this process of governance. Scope from least to highest Society Media and Press Shareholders Regulatory bodies Contractual Stakeholders Auditors Governance and Management (Diagram) As it is clear that the scope of CG is very wide. It is crucial that CG is acceptable and answerable to many. Functions of the board Majorly there are four functions of the board depending upon the conformity to past or existing and the performance expected for future. The four functions are accountability, strategy formulation, supervising and monitoring and policy making Matrix The accountability along with monitoring and supervising is the conformance part i. e. to past or existing situation. The policy making and strategy formulation comes under the performance part with focus on future value. You read "Corporate Governance Exam Paper" in category "Essay examples" Usually it is seen that independent directors are forced to conformance because they only understand what is going on. Strategic Formulation * This is the most crucial step of governance There must be shared view according to which governance and management abide * It involves SWOT, PEST, Porter analysis and asking of crucial questions of long term strategic importance * It is important to have helicopter vision balanced of long and short term * San Tzu â€Å"Think the mind alike of your enemy† Policy making * This comes from the strategic formulation * Policies are rules, regu lation and procedures that must be followed and abided Supervision monitoring This is the conformance part to check that everything is happening as per the policies and rules or not Accountability * Accountability is to have proper system wherein respective people are accountable for any error or aberration * Only the top management is not accountable but usually is held responsible. Normative: How board thinks directors should spend their time How directors actually do spend their time Relation between functions Strategy formulation Policy making supervision and monitoring Accountability Roles: Agents and Stewards Agency theory Principal shareholders contract with agents seek self interest It says that it is not possible that agents take care of other money with as much vigilance of vow. They seek personal interest and detrimental effect on shareholders Stewardship theory Owners chose and elect stewards(directors) who play the role of stewards Contrary to agency theory it says owners vest their trust in directors who act as stewards of shareholders money. Along with the board the following roles are performed by the director Managing the board Managing the meeting Strategic leadership Cooperation between board and management Company’s face to public By means of all these functions and roles the board makes an effort towards fair and equitable distribution of profit, ethical governance of firm and deters any unethical behaviour It lays clear rules, norms, laws and code of conduct to facilitate governance Maxwell communication 1991 – Risky acquisition using pension funds leading to bankruptcy Bank of credit and commerce international Cadbury report 1992 – best practices suggested How to implement it? For a company to enter in stockmarket it has to that it follows Cadbury suggestions Corporate governance is directly related to market valuation of a company. Better managed companies are valued more. Enron failure 2001 – faulty accounting policies; creation of special purpose entities to conceal losses; excessive executive compensation Worldcom 2002 – The BOD did not oppose the ambitious investment of Worldcom in fiber optic cables and infrastructure to become a market leader (a short term goal). This led to huge losses when the boom for dot com ended. Measures to check such scenarios * Make BOD accountable to stakeholders * Make changes in structure * Clearly explain the responsibilities of Board Make them active board – in giving a leadership to the company * Make the BOD to meet more frequently – listed company at least 4 times a year * Lay down an agenda about what must be discussed Placing constraints, checks on management power including the CEO Eg: SKF micro finance – CEO was sacked as he is no good There should be separation of position of chairman and CEO Ensuring a sound system of internal cont rol and proper disclosure of financial information and executive compensation Auditors are continuing from 20 years Approaches to strengthen the CG 002 – there was a proposal to change companies act 1956 2012 – the bill was proposed in loksabha Very lengthy process to make a law But then one law for all companies reduces flexibility In 1998 CII appointed a committee under Rahul bajaj to create guidelines for cg which is only voluntary. Only 0. 1% adopted them. Voluntary Purely legal approach Cg code Code – a set of practices, guidelines which are expected to be followed by the companies 2 approaches for cg code 1) Principle based – lay down broad principles; comply or explain principles link it with listing. Make the companies which are not adopting explain why they are not adopting 2) Rule based approach – comply or get prosecuted; in extreme cases companies are delisted. But then the shareholders are effected. Rule based approach is rigidity. The companies will try to outsmart the rules if they are rigid. Eg: BJP chief Nitin Gadkari driver was shown as a director in a company. The directors get huge money for just attending 4 meetings, so they agree with whatever the companies say to earn easy money or else they would be removed from the board. CG in India * The issue of CG has come up mainly in the wake up economic reforms characterized by liberalization, privitization and globalization. * The way foreign investments is CG * The last point in previous year * SEBI committee on CG headed by SHri Kumara Mangalam Birla submitted its report in Feb 2000 * Clause 49 in listing agreement with stock exchanges made it mandatory for companies to follow recommendations by Kumara M B committee * Then Naresh Chandra committee is appointed by the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Indian Code Inspired by Cadbury code, 1992 * CII code – 1998 (voluntary compliance could not make much difference) Implementation 2005 – all the companies above 3 crore revenues Audit committee * As an interface between the board and auditors atleast 3 members (NED) majority of independent directors * Looks after all the activities related to auditors i. e. appointment of reappointement of auditors * Reviewing of internal reports * Audit committee must meet 4 times a year * Gap should not be more than 4 months Disclosures Management discussions and analysis report * Related party transactions * Remuneration to NEDs Clause 49 Case of satyam First biggest and most shocking scam involving †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Modus operandi of the scam * Super user login to some employees * Entering fake invoices * Boost revenues and profits * Falsified bank statements * Falsified interest income Role of board in satyam’s case Overlooking the reports The board said ok to all proposals by raju to direct funds to acquire lands in hyd Directors had a salary of rs 12 lakh annually How to cite Corporate Governance Exam Paper, Essay examples

Communication and Negotiation Skills for PATCO †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Communication and Negotiation Skills for PATCO. Answer: Explaining did the union use fair and ethical negotiation tactics? The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) was a Trade Union of United States that functioned from 1968 until its decertification in the year 1981, subsequent an illegitimate strike that was broken down by the then Reagan government. However, as per the viewpoint shared by the labor historian, Joseph A. McCartin, the 1981 strike as well as the conquer of PATCO was no doubt one of the major significant actions in the late 20th century, in the manual labor history of United States. History says that on 3rd August, 1981, the Union acknowledged a clout in demand of better functioning condition, enhanced payment and 32 hours work week. Apart from these, PATCO required to be properly disqualified from the civil service sections that it had long not accepted (Azzouz and Nandi 2013). For doing this particularly, they desecrated 5 U.S.C., 118 p that forbids any kinds of strikes by the national government recruits. Standing at that point of time, Ronald Reagan announced the PATCO strike as the peril to national safety. Besides declaring this, he ordered the union to work under the terms and conditions of Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. However, it was seen that only 1300 of the almost 13,000 regulators arrived to their work following the order of Ronald Reagan (Sebeok and Umiker-Sebeok 2013). A declaration from Rose Garden of White House stated that all the employees at the time of oath declare that they would never participate in any smack against the Government of the United States or any organization. Remembering this oath, he ordered the remaining workers to return their job within 48 hours. He added that if they do not return to their job, their jobs would be forfeited (Bargiela-Chiappini, Nickerson and Planken 2013). At this situation, Transportation Secretary, Drew Lewis prearranged for the immediate substitutes as well as started emergency tactics. Through prioritizing and cutting air travels harshly as well as taking on techniques of air traffic administration that once PATCO porched for, the administration originally able to have 50% of the obtainable flights. After 48 hours almost, when the remaining workers of PATCO refused to go back to their work, Ronald Reagan fired all the 11, 345 arresting air traffic regulators who had ignore his order. Apart from that, he at the same time banned them from federal services for their entire life (Thorson and Moore 2013). Standing at the point of situation, FAA was assigned the task to hire as well as train enough air traffic controllers in order to replace those that had been fired. It was no doubt one of the major problems for FAA to replace this huge number of employees. It took almost three years in usual circumstances to coach the employees. FAA at the initial level claimed that staffing levels would be re-established in two years, but in reality, it took approximately ten years before the general recruitment levels arrived to the standard phase (Chaney and Martin 2012). However, it can be stated that the most significant and extremely contentious, domestic proposal was the dismissal of the air traffic regulators on 5th August, 1981. The leader raised the commandment that arresting the administration human resources forfeits their jobs, acts that disconcerted those who mockingly supposed no leader would ever support that rule. However, President Rogan Reagan succeeded and his act gave credence to the lawful right of private managers, previously not completely practiced in order to utilize their own carefulness to both employ and release human resources. In this part, it can be stated that the negotiation tactics were not justified at all. All the employees do have the right to form the Union and convey their opinions, problems or any other job related issue through this union to higher authority (Controllers et al. 2015). No president is supposed to fire this huge number of employees because they called a strike. Both the parties could have negotiated and come to a mutual point, where both of their interests were valued. However, the reality was no so, as Reagan fired all the remaining employees within 48 hours of the strike. Before this incident, the Union Leader representative, Robert Poli spent several months attempting to negotiate a new labor management contract with FAA. However, FAA was interested at all to listen to the interests and demands of PATCO and thus they had to call a strike (Den Hartog et al. 2013). Explaining whether responses of the government to the strike is fair and appropriate or not Reports say that on August 5, 1981, President Ronald Reagan started sacking 11359 air traffic regulators who were on strike and did not obey the order of Ronald Reagan. The executive act, observed as tremendous by many, considerably unhurried the air travel for several months. All the air traffic controllers complained of highly difficult working condition as well as lack of gratitude of pressures they face. Across the region, almost 7000 flights were cancelled and the president called this strike illegal. Apart from that, he announced and threatened to fire ant of the air traffic regulators who had not returned to employment within 48 hours. Robert Poli was found in disdain by a federal moderator and prearranged to pay $1000 a day in fines (Dozier, Grunig and Grunig, 2013). On 5th August, 1981, the annoyed President Ronald Reagan carried out his risk and immediately the administration started sacking the 11359 air traffic controllers who had not returned to employment. Additionally, Reagan acknowledged the life time ban for all these employees on the rehiring of the strikes by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). On 17th August, FAA started accommodating submissions for the air-traffic regulators. After this incident, FAA on 22nd October decertified PATCO. Goal of the strike was to get an enhancement of $10,000 a year for the regulators, a condensed 32 hours four-day workweek as well as a improved reimbursement package for the sequestration. From these points, it is clearly understood that none of these demands are over in nature and the US government could have handled the situation in some other ways (Grunig 2013). Being the president, he has the right to handle any kinds of strikes, but declaring lifetime forbid on the rehiring of the strikes by FAA was no doubt one of the harsh steps. It has been found that the representative of PATCO went for negotiation several times, but the result was not satisfactory. None of the interests of the employees was considered and this made them take the path of strike (Ulmer, Sellnow and Seeger 2013). Therefore, it can be stated that PATCO strike had become one of the essential events in roughly everyone understands of enormous rearrangement of class power in the United States in the previous few decades. History says that Alan Greenspan demonstrated the 1981 obliteration of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization as perhaps most important of all Reagans domestic accomplishments (Guffey and Loewy 2012). Hamilton (2013) in his research work stated that Ronald Reagan not only altered his management through this step, but also formed the globe of contemporary place of work. More than any other employment disputes, Reagans disagreement with Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization destabilized the negotiating power of American employees as well as their labor unions. This incident significantly polarized political viewpoints in ways that put off people from addressing the origin of the monetary tribulations (Williams and Nussbaum 2013). This was the long-lasting stagnation of the profits in spite of increasing commercial profits and efficiency of the workers. However, it is required to mention that US law, as the air traffic regulators were the human resources of the national supervision and they were not allowed to call for any strikes officially permitted Reagans dealings. In terms of instance, however, the actions of Reagan were unsympathetic enough (Knapp, Hall and Horgan, 2013). Identifying who was at fault in the negotiation breakdown and the reason behind the reason History says that Robert Poli, the Union Leader Representative of Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization had spent several months hoping to negotiate a new labor management contract with Federal Aviation Authority or FAA in the United States. The far-reaching crowd sacking of these central employees sluggish profitable air travel, but it did not cripple the systems, as the persons on strike had predict. After analyzing the entire situation more clearly, it can be said that both the parties were responsible to some extent for this incident. If focus is shed on the workers under Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization, it can be seen that they hunted an across-the-board yearly remuneration increase of $10,000 for the regulators, whose pay varied from $20,462 to $49,229 per year. On behalf of the employees, Robert Poli as well wanted a lessening of their five day, 40 hour work week to a four day, 32 hour work week. In response to this situation, the Federal Aviation Authority or FAA made a $40 million counteroffer, far small of the $770 million package that the union required (Lax and Sebenius 2013). However, Reagan identified this beat as against the law and threatened to fire any controller who botched to return to work within 48 hours after his warning. Not only have that, Federal courted levied fines of $1 million per day next to the union. However, it is necessary to mention that Regan confirmed a life span forbid on the rehiring of these strikers by the Federal Aviation Authority or FAA and this was too harsh. Declaring the strike illegal is justified to some extent, as the employees or the air traffic controllers of Federal Aviation Authority or FAA take oath not to engage in any sort of political action against the government. In this case, a clear negotiation breakdown was observed and both the parties were responsible for that (Lee and Gu 2013). However, many social analysts have identified the employees as faultier and on the other hand; some accuse Ronald Reagan for this major domestic violence. Both these parties are responsible from different point of view and thus it is tough enough to identify one as the reason of this negotiation breakdown. The responsible management moved so quickly in order to use some other tools at its disposal. At that point of time, criminal charges were prepared for bringing the cases against the union leaders. On the other hand to this situation, court processing started to force the strikers back to their work. Meanwhile, the funds of the Union were confiscated by the court order. The Union was instructed to shell out a fine for each day associates kept on strike. At the same time, FBI agents composed a clear list of the strikers, so that they can take the actions properly. The responsible administrator as well filed a appeal asking for declaration of the union (Lolli 2013). Until sufficient substitutes for the fired human resources could be employed and educated, the FAA sustained to replace air traffic regulators with the non-striking regulators, administrators and the military controllers. In this part, it is required to mention that although the striking air traffic controllers unsuccessful to accomplish their targeted objectives and lost their jobs in the overall process, PATCO president Robert Poli later argued two wins for the union (McCartin 2014). Suggesting some alternative actions by PATCO and Government After discussing this situation, I have understood that there could have been some other procedures and tactics to deal with this situation. Lack of communication and negotiation skills have been noticed in this case and lead the situation to the drastic level. There was lack of effective communication, as the oath taken by the air traffic controllers failed to build employee morale and reduce grievances. Mujtaba (2013) has stated that effective communication assists employees to understand expectations of the employment and creates commitment and loyalty. On the other hand to effective communication, ineffective communication leads to the damaged work relationships. At the same time, it decreases trust between the employer and the employees. After going through the situation, it can be stated that there were lack of efficient communication between the members of PATCO and FAA and this gave birth to one of the major labor movements in the U.S. history. Perhaps many social researchers have over simplified the legacy of the 1981 strike by 13,000 members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (Ng and Tan 2013). Perhaps the American Labor Movement was already in declining state and the ramifications of the President Ronald Reagans move to replace those striking employees only exacerbated that decline. However, when I look back into the details of this event that have several opinions, led to the crippling of the American Labor movement, as well as the loss of the American Manufacturing base, I all the time consider the PATCO strike as the defining moment. When the air traffic controllers went on strike in 1981, they were striving to get shorter work weeks and higher pay (Schor et al. 2016). There was a law in place that forbids the union of the public employees from striking. It was belief of that time that the economy of that country would not be able to withstand the loss of the commercial flights and that their strikers would be brief as well as successful. I have understood that aftermath of this strike had forever changed the situation of the organized labor situation in America. This a t the same time changed and titled the playing fields to favor management in union negotiations (Perloff 2013). If focus is shed on d distributive and integrative bargaining, then it can be seen that the 1981 Air Traffic Controllers Strike was a distributive negotiation. The reason behind this situation is that distributive bargaining ends up in a win-lose situation, where some parties at some point of advantages win and the other party lose out. Here, the air traffic controllers under the Union lost their turn and the US President Ronald Reagan won. Another reason to consider this incident as distributive bargaining procedure is that distributive bargaining is highly competitive in nature and considers each party as the competitor (Reagan fires 2016). In this case, Representative of PATCO went to FAA several times for negotiation and bargaining, however, FAA was not at all ready to consider the interests of the workers. The conflict resolution procedure could have been in some other ways, where the interests of both the parties were kept. However, there some faults in conflict resolution that gave birth of this drastic situation in the labor union history throughout the globe (Rosemann and vom Brocke 2015). As per my viewpoint, the government could have been less hard towards the employees, as the employees have the right to speak up against the government, if they feel that their interests are not taken care of properly. On the other hand to the government, it can be stated that the Labors Union, i.e. PATCO could have asked for some other requirements. They could have asked for 36 hours workweek instead of 40. However, it is required to mention here that there were communication gap between both the parties and thus the situation was worst. References Azzouz, E. and Nandi, A., 2013.Automatic modulation recognition of communication signals. Springer Science Business Media. Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C. and Planken, B., 2013. What is Business Discourse?. InBusiness Discourse(pp. 3-44). Palgrave Macmillan UK. 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